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本文探讨了全球宜居性指数的最新排名及变化,重点分析了城市宜居性的影响因素和趋势。通过经济学人智库(EIU)发布的年度调查数据,文章展示了全球173个城市在五大类别——稳定性、医疗保健、文化与环境、教育、基础设施——中的得分情况。维也纳连续第三年荣登榜首,而战火纷飞的大马士革和基辅则位列底部。与此同时,生活成本危机、社会动荡和战争等因素对全球多个城市的宜居性产生了深远影响。文章还讨论了城市间在宜居性上的不平等,以及这些因素如何影响人们的日常生活质量。维也纳连续第三年排名全球最宜居城市,尽管在“文化与环境”类别中得分稍低(主要由于缺乏大型体育赛事),但其在稳定性、医疗保健、教育等方面的表现依然卓越,保持了高标准的生活质量。其他欧洲城市如哥本哈根、苏黎世和日内瓦也名列前茅,城市规模较小带来了较低的犯罪率和更顺畅的交通系统,这些城市的宜居性得分反映出稳定的社会环境和高效的公共服务系统。大马士革和基辅的排名继续处于底部,显示出长期冲突和社会不稳定对城市宜居性造成的严重影响。大马士革的得分仅为30.7,稳定性得分为最低,反映出叙利亚战争对生活条件的极大破坏。基辅的宜居性得分也受到战争的负面影响,导致其排名下滑。特拉维夫在加沙战争爆发后,稳定性和基础设施评分下降,排名大幅下滑,成为今年排名变化幅度最大的一座城市。全球多个城市面临的生活成本危机,尤其是住房成本的上涨,对宜居性产生了不小压力。尽管全球通货膨胀有所回落,但许多城市的住房成本依然居高不下,导致基础设施和文化环境的评分下降。澳大利亚和加拿大等城市的高房价加剧了这一问题,体现了经济因素对宜居性的深远影响。虽然一些城市的宜居性水平在不断提升,但并非所有居民都能平等享受这些改善。高昂的生活成本和不平衡的经济发展使得不同社会群体的生活质量存在差距,这种不平等的宜居性体验反映出全球范围内的社会经济不平衡,尤其是在高房价和生活成本压力下,一些人群的生活质量受到了制约。全球宜居性指数反映了各大城市在稳定性、医疗、教育、文化和基础设施等方面的综合表现。尽管一些城市的生活条件在不断改善,但战争、社会动荡、生活成本危机等因素依然是影响全球许多城市宜居性的关键因素。随着社会不平等和生活成本压力的加剧,全球范围内的宜居性差异可能会进一步扩大,给人们的日常生活带来更大的挑战。
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The world’s most liveable cities in 2024
本篇文章选自经济学人|Graphic detail | City guide
HOW DO YOU measure liveability? EIU, our sister company, came up with a formula to help companies calculate hardship allowances when relocating their staff. The annual survey rates 173 cities across five categories: stability, health care, culture and environment, education, and infrastructure. Our map and charts below show how the cities compare this year.
如何衡量城市宜居性?我们的姊妹公司EIU(经济学人智库)提出了一个公式,既协助公司在员工因工作需要搬到某些条件较差或生活成本较高的城市时,计算应给予员工的额外补偿(即“困难津贴”)。该年度调查评估了173个城市,涵盖五个类别:稳定性、医疗保健、文化与环境、教育和基础设施。下面的地图和图表展示了今年各城市的比较情况。
Vienna took the top spot once again in 2024, earning the title of the most liveable city in the world for a third consecutive year. The Austrian capital received perfect scores in four of the index’s five categories, but a lack of major sporting events contributed to its lower tally of 93.5 out of 100 in the culture and environment category. (It is far from lacking in other forms of culture.) Three other European cities made the top five: Copenhagen, Zurich and Geneva. All three are notable for their modest population size, which tends to lead to lower crime rates and less crowded roads and public-transport systems. Two Canadian cities—Calgary and Vancouver—and four in Asia-Pacific—Melbourne, Sydney, Osaka and Auckland—complete the top ten (see map).
维也纳再次登上2024年全球最宜居城市榜首,连续第三年获得这一殊荣。这座奥地利首都在该指数的五个类别中有四个类别获得满分,但由于缺乏大型体育赛事,它在文化与环境类的得分稍微较低,达到了93.5分(满分100分)。不过,维也纳在其他文化方面绝对不乏亮点。排名前五的还有另外三座欧洲城市:哥本哈根、苏黎世和日内瓦。它们都以较少的常住人口著称,这通常会导致较低的犯罪率以及更少的交通拥堵和公共交通系统的压力。排名前十的其他城市包括两座加拿大城市(卡尔加里和温哥华),以及四座亚太城市墨尔本、悉尼、大阪和奥克兰(见地图)。
War-torn Damascus remains rooted to the bottom of the table. The Syrian capital has been the least liveable city in the index since 2013, and scored just 30.7 in 2024. Its stability score of 20 is tied with Karachi as the lowest of all the cities surveyed. Kyiv also performs badly in this category, pushing it into the bottom ten cities on the index for the second year in a row. Tel Aviv shares the same poor stability rating, and its scores on infrastructure and on culture and environment dropped by 7.2 and 6.7 points respectively amid the war in Gaza. The Israeli city fell 20 places down the ranking to 112th, the biggest movement in this year’s survey.
饱受战争蹂躏的大马士革仍然排名垫底。自2013年以来,叙利亚首都一直是该指数中最不宜居的城市,2024年的得分仅为30.7。大马士革的稳定性指数为20,与卡拉奇并列所有受访城市中最低。基辅在这一类别中的表现也很糟糕,连续第二年进入指数倒数前十名。特拉维夫的稳定性同样不佳,在加沙战争期间,其基础设施和文化与环境得分分别下降了 7.2 分和 6.7 分。这座以色列城市的排名下降了 20 位,跌至第 112 位,是今年调查中变动最大的一次。
After a sharp drop and rebound over the covid years, globally the average liveability score increased by just 0.06 points over the past year, compared with 2.84 in the 12 months to June 2023 (see chart). Civil unrest troubled Europe, as French farmers blocked motorways into Paris and protests against immigration policies sprung up across the continent. Riots in Nouméa, in New Caledonia, and campus protests across America—which happened after the survey took place—do not bode well for next year’s index.
在经历了疫情期间的急剧下降和反弹后,全球的宜居性平均得分在过去一年仅增长了0.06分,而在截至2023年6月的12个月里,增幅为2.84分(见图表)。欧洲的社会动荡成为一大问题,法国农民封锁了通往巴黎的高速公路,抗议移民政策的示威活动遍布整个欧洲。新喀里多尼亚努美阿的骚乱以及美国各地校园抗议(这些事件发生在调查之后)都对明年的指数前景不利。
The cost-of-living crisis is also taking a toll. Although inflation is coming down in many countries, its effects, particularly on housing costs, are still being felt. The high prices are weighing on infrastructure scores, particularly in Australia and Canada. The quality of urban living may be at its highest in well over a decade, but not all are experiencing that equally.
生活成本危机也造成影响。尽管许多国家的通货膨胀率正在下降,但其影响,特别是对住房成本的压力,仍然存在。高昂的价格正在影响基础设施评分,尤其是在澳大利亚和加拿大。虽然城市生活质量可能达到了十多年来的最高水平,但并非每个人都在平等地感受到这一点。
(转自:中国地产基金百人会)
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